NUTRITION

(Infants, Children, Adolescents, Pregnant & Breastfeeding Women and Elderly)

Some Selected Abstracts:

1. 

Bowen WH, Lawrence RA. Comparison of the cariogenicity of cola, honey, cow milk, human milk, and sucrose. Pediatrics. 2005 Oct;116(4):921-6.

Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. William_Bowen@urmc.rochester.edu

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the cariogenicity of various fluids that are frequently fed to infants and toddlers. We chose to examine sucrose, cola drink, honey, human milk, cow milk, and water because some of these have been associated with development of early childhood caries, although direct experimental evidence is lacking. METHODS: We used our desalivated rat model because the approach mimics the situation found in infants, whereby the flow of saliva is interrupted through mechanical effects of a nipple. The animals received basic nutrition by gavage, and the fluids being tested were available ad libitum. Thus, the only substances that came in contact with teeth were the test fluids. The investigation continued for 14 days. RESULTS: Cola, sucrose, and honey were by far the most cariogenic. In addition, cola and honey induced considerable erosion. Human milk was significantly more cariogenic than cow milk probably because of its lower mineral content and higher level of lactose. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that the use of honey, cola, and sucrose water in nursing bottles should be discouraged. Although human milk is more cariogenic than cow milk, it is no more cariogenic than are common infant formulas. Protracted exposure to human milk or formula through allowing an infant to sleep on the nipple should be discouraged, and the need for oral hygiene after tooth eruption should be emphasized.

2. 

Corkins MR. Are diet and constipation related in children? Nutr Clin Pract. 2005 Oct;20(5):536-9. Review.

Riley Hospital for Children/Indiana University, 702 Barnhill Drive, ROC 4210, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. MRCorkin@pol.net

Constipation is a common complaint in childhood, and the etiology of many healthcare referrals. Despite literature documenting the high frequency of this problem, there is little research directly relating the food consumed and the eventual stool consistency. There is literature suggesting the importance of adequate fiber intake in children to maintain soft stools. Other dietary modifications actually have not been shown to be helpful or are not based on actual clinical studies. The presence of dietary allergies may also contribute to etiology of constipation. More studies to provide further linkages between diet and constipation are clearly needed.

3.

Glick M, Greenberg BL. The potential role of dentists in identifying patients' risk of experiencing coronary heart disease events. J Am Dent Assoc. 2005 Nov;136(11):1541-6.

Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Dentistry and Medicine of New Jersey, School of Dentistry, Newark, NJ 07103, USA. glickmi@umdnj.edu

BACKGROUND: A substantial proportion of people with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) are not identified before they develop clinical signs and symptoms. A multidisciplinary approach that includes a cardiovascular screening by oral health care providers can affect the identification of people at risk of experiencing cardiovascular events. METHODS: The authors extracted data from the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the 2001-2002 NHANES for people aged 40 to 85 years with no reported specific risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) and who had not seen a physician in the previous 12 months but had seen a dentist. They used these data to estimate the 10-year Framingham-based risk calculation scores for each subject to determine their global risk of experiencing acute CHD events. RESULTS: Eighteen percent of the male subjects had an increased 10-year global risk of experiencing a CHD event (> 10 percent risk score), 14.3 percent had a moderate, above-average risk score (> 10-< 20 percent), and an additional 4.3 percent had a high risk score (> or = 20 percent). Only one female subject had a risk score greater than 10 percent. When the authors extrapolated these results to the 2000 U.S. census data, they found that among men aged 40 to 85 years without reported risk factors who had not seen a physician but had seen a dentist in the previous 12 months, 332,262 had a greater than 10 to less than 20 percent risk of experiencing a CHD event, and 72,625 had a 20 percent or greater 10-year risk of experiencing a CHD event. CONCLUSION: Dentists can play an important role in identifying people in need of primary prevention strategies for CVD.

4.

Merten S, Dratva J, Ackermann-Liebrich U. Do baby-friendly hospitals influence breastfeeding duration on a national level? Pediatrics. 2005 Nov;116(5):e702-8.

Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. sonja.merten@unibas.ch

OBJECTIVES: In Switzerland, the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) proposed by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) was introduced in 1993 to promote breastfeeding nationwide. This study reports results of a national study of the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding in 2003 throughout Switzerland and analyzes the influence of compliance with UNICEF guidelines of the hospital where delivery took place on breastfeeding duration. METHODS: Between April and September 2003, a random sample of mothers who had given birth in the past 9 months in Switzerland received a questionnaire on breastfeeding and complementary feeding. Seventy-four percent of the contacted mothers (n = 3032) participated; they completed a 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire and reported the age at first introduction of various foods and drinks. After excluding questionnaires with missing information relevant for the analyses, we analyzed data for 2861 infants 0 to 11 months of age, born in 145 different health facilities. Because it was known whether each child was born in a designated baby-friendly hospital (45 hospitals) or in a health facility in the process of being evaluated for BFHI inclusion (31 facilities), we were able to assess a possible influence of the BFHI on breastfeeding success. For this purpose, we merged individual data with hospital data on compliance with the UNICEF guidelines, from a data source collected on an annual basis for quality monitoring of designated baby-friendly hospitals and health facilities in the evaluation process. Information on actual compliance with the guidelines allowed us to investigate the relationship between breastfeeding outcomes and compliance with UNICEF guidelines. We were also able to compare the breastfeeding results with those for non-baby-friendly health facilities. The comparison was based on median durations of exclusive, full, and any breastfeeding calculated for each group. To allow for other known influencing factors, we calculated adjusted hazard ratios by using Cox regression; we also conducted logistic regression analyses with the 24-hour dietary recall data, to calculate adjusted odds ratios for validation of results from the retrospectively collected data. RESULTS: In 2003, the median duration of any breastfeeding was 31 weeks at the national level, compared with 22 weeks in 1994, and the median duration of full breastfeeding was 17 weeks, compared with 15 weeks in 1994. The proportion of exclusively breastfed infants 0 to 5 months of age was 42% for infants born in baby-friendly hospitals, compared with 34% for infants born elsewhere. Breastfeeding duration for infants born in baby-friendly hospitals, compared with infants born in other hospitals, was longer if the hospital showed good compliance with the UNICEF guidelines (35 weeks vs 29 weeks for any breastfeeding, 20 weeks vs 17 weeks for full breastfeeding, and 12 weeks vs 6 weeks for exclusive breastfeeding). To control for differences in the study population between the different types of health facilities, hazard and odds ratios were calculated as described above, taking into account socioeconomic and medical factors. Although the analysis of the retrospective data showed clearly that the duration of exclusive and full breastfeeding was significantly longer if delivery occurred in a baby-friendly hospital with high compliance with the UNICEF guidelines, whereas this effect was less prominent in other baby-friendly health facilities, this difference was less obvious in the 24-hour recall data. Only for the duration of any breastfeeding could a positive effect be seen if delivery occurred in a baby-friendly hospital with high compliance with the UNICEF guidelines. Known factors involved in the evaluation of baby-friendly hospitals showed the expected influence, on the individual level, on duration of exclusive, full, and any breastfeeding. If a child had been exclusively breastfed in the hospital, the median duration of exclusive, full, and any breastfeeding was considerably longer than the mean for the entire population or for those who had received water-based liquids or supplements in the hospital. A positive effect on breastfeeding duration could be shown for full rooming in, first suckling within 1 hour, breastfeeding on demand, and also the much-debated practice of pacifier use. After controlling for medical problems before, during, and after delivery, type of delivery, well-being of the mother, maternal smoking, maternal BMI, nationality, education, work, and income, all of the factors were still significantly associated with the duration of full, exclusive, or any breastfeeding. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the hypothesis that the general increase in breastfeeding in Switzerland since 1994 can be interpreted in part as a consequence of an increasing number of baby-friendly health facilities, whose clients breastfeed longer. Nevertheless, several alternative explanations for the longer breastfeeding duration for deliveries that occurred in baby-friendly hospitals can be discussed. In Switzerland, baby-friendly hospitals actively use their certification by UNICEF as a promotional asset. It is thus possible that differences in breastfeeding duration are attributable to the fact that mothers who intend to breastfeed longer would choose to give birth in a baby-friendly hospital and these mothers would be more willing to comply with the recommendations of the UNICEF guidelines. Even if this were the case, however, this selection bias would not explain the differences in breastfeeding duration between designated baby-friendly health facilities with higher compliance with the UNICEF guidelines and those with lower compliance. Especially this last point strongly supports a beneficial effect of the BFHI, because mothers do not know how well hospitals comply with the UNICEF program. The fact that breastfeeding rates have generally improved even in non-baby-friendly health facilities may be indirectly influenced by the BFHI; its publicity and training programs for health professionals have raised public awareness of the benefits of breastfeeding, and the number of professional lactation counselors has increased continuously. Breastfeeding prevalence and duration in Switzerland have improved in the past 10 years. Children born in a baby-friendly health facility are more likely to be breastfed for a longer time, particularly if the hospital shows high compliance with UNICEF guidelines. Therefore, the BFHI should be continued but should be extended to include monitoring for compliance, to promote the full effect of the BFHI.

5.

1.                   Reilly JJ, Wells JC. Duration of exclusive breast-feeding: introduction of complementary feeding may be necessary before 6 months of age. Br J Nutr. 2005 Dec;94(6):869-72. Review.

Division of Developmental Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK. jjr2y@clinmed.gla.ac.uk

The WHO recommends exclusive breast-feeding for the first 6 months of life. At present, <2 % of mothers who breast-feed in the UK do so exclusively for 6 months. We propose the testable hypothesis that this is because many mothers do not provide sufficient breast milk to feed a 6-month-old baby adequately. We review recent evidence on energy requirements during infancy, and energy transfer from mother to baby, and consider the adequacy of exclusive breast-feeding to age 6 months for mothers and babies in the developed world. Evidence from our recent systematic review suggests that mean metabolisable energy intake in exclusively breast-fed infants at 6 months is 2.2-2.4 MJ/d (525-574 kcal/d), and mean energy requirement approximately 2.6-2.7 MJ/d (632-649 kcal/d), leading to a gap between the energy provided by milk and energy needs by 6 months for many babies. Our hypothesis is consistent with other evidence, and with evolutionary considerations, and we briefly review this other evidence. The hypothesis would be testable in a longitudinal study of infant energy balance using stable-isotope techniques, which are both practical and valid.

6.

1.                   Solanki K, Matnani M, Kale M, Joshi K, Bavdekar A, Bhave S, Pandit A. Transcutaneous absorption of topically massaged oil in neonates. Indian Pediatr. 2005 Oct;42(10):998-1005.

Department of Pediatrics, KEM Hospital, Pune 411 011, India.

OBJECTIVE: To study the transcutaneous absorption of traditionally massaged oil in newborns and to specifically compare the effects of (i) essential fatty acid (EFA) rich - safflower oil and (ii) saturated fat rich coconut oil, on fatty acid profiles of massaged babies. DESIGN: A short term randomised controlled study. SETTING: Tertiary care NICU of a large teaching hospital and a research laboratory of a University complex. METHODS: 120 study babies were randomly assigned to three oil groups (i) safflower oil (n = 40) (ii) coconut oil (n = 40) and (iii) no oil controls (n = 40). In each group, babies were selected in three subsets as per their gestational ages viz (a) less than 34 weeks, (b) 34-37 weeks, (c) greater than 37 weeks. 5 mL of the designated oil was massaged four times a day for five days under controlled conditions of temperature and feeding. Pre and post oil massage samples of blood were analysed for triglycerides and fatty acid profiles using gas chromatography. RESULTS: Post oil triglyceride values were significantly raised in both the oil groups and also in controls. However, the quantum of rise was significantly higher in oil groups as compared to controls. Fatty acid profiles (gas chromatography) showed significant rise in EFAs (linolenic acid and arachidonic acid) in safflower oil group and saturated fats in coconut oil group. Changes were more evident in term babies. There were no side effects associated with the massage. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that topically applied oil can be absorbed in neonates and is probably available for nutritional purposes. The fatty acid constituents of the oil can influence the changes in the fatty acid profiles of the massaged babies.

13979.     Abouleish AE, Chung DH, Cohen M. Caudal anesthesia for vascular access procedures in two extremely small premature neonates. Pediatr Surg Int. 2005 Sep;21(9):749-51.  

13980.   Ahmed F, Khan MR, Akhtaruzzaman M, Karim R, Marks GC, Banu CP, Nahar B, Williams G. Efficacy of twice-weekly multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving the hemoglobin and micronutrient status of anemic adolescent schoolgirls in Bangladesh. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Oct;82(4):829-35.

13981.  American Academy of Family Physicians. Information from your family docter. Taking care of yourself after having a baby. Am Fam Physician. 2005 Dec 15;72(12):2497-8.  .

13982.  Amir LH, Cwikel J. Why do women stop breastfeeding? A closer look at 'not enough milk' among Israeli women in the Negev Region. Breastfeed Rev. 2005 Nov;13(3):7-13.

13983.   Apgar BS, Serlin D, Kaufman A. The postpartum visit: is six weeks too late? Am Fam Physician. 2005 Dec 15;72(12):2443-4.  

13984. Attar MA, Lang SW, Gates MR, Iatrow AM, Bratton SL. Back transport of neonates: effect on hospital length of stay.  J Perinatol. 2005 Nov;25(11):731-6.

13985.   Baker-Henningham H, Powell C, Walker S, Grantham-McGregor S. The effect of early stimulation on maternal depression: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Arch Dis Child. 2005 Dec;90(12):1230-4.  

13986.   Bakker-Zierikzee AM, Alles MS, Knol J, Kok FJ, Tolboom JJ, Bindels JG. Effects of infant formula containing a mixture of galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides or viable Bifidobacterium animalis on the intestinal microflora during the first 4 months of life. Br J Nutr. 2005 Nov;94(5):783-90.

13987.   Bartholomew C, Bartholomew M, Jones A. HIV transmission from surrogate breastfeeding. Lancet. 2005 Nov 26;366(9500):1902. 

13988.   Baum A. Expression of love. Pract Midwife. 2005 Nov;8(10):29-30, 32, 34.  .

13989.   Bhooma N, Chitra P. Trace minerals, calcium and magnesium profile of institutionalized elderly. Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2005 May; 42( 5): 201-206.

13990.  Buyken AE, Dettmann W, Kersting M, Kroke A. Glycaemic index and glycaemic load in the diet of healthy schoolchildren: trends from 1990 to 2002, contribution of different carbohydrate sources and relationships to dietary quality. Br J Nutr. 2005 Nov;94(5):796-803.

13991.  Caicedo RA, Schanler RJ, Li N, Neu J. The developing intestinal ecosystem: implications for the neonate. Pediatr Res. 2005 Oct;58(4):625-8. Review.

13992.   Colson S. Maternal breastfeeding positions: have we got it right? Pract Midwife. 2005 Nov;8(10):24, 26-7. Review. 

13993.   Dadhich JP. Exclusive breastfeeding and postnatal transmission of HIV. Bull World Health Organ. 2005 Nov;83(11):879; author reply 879-80.   

13994.   Dalidowitz C. Fortified breast milk safety. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005 Oct;105(10):1572-3.  .

13995.   Dollman J, Norton K, Norton L. Evidence for secular trends in children's physical activity behaviour. Br J Sports Med. 2005 Dec;39(12):892-7; discussion 897. Review.

13996.  Dorosko SM. Vitamin A, mastitis, and mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 through breast-feeding: current information and gaps in knowledge. Nutr Rev. 2005 Oct;63(10):332-46. Review.

13997.  Egal S, Hounsa A, Gong YY, Turner PC, Wild CP, Hall AJ, Hell K, Cardwell KF.  Dietary exposure to aflatoxin from maize and groundnut in young children from Benin and Togo, West Africa. Int J Food Microbiol. 2005 Oct 15;104(2):215-24.

13998.  Eglash A, Kendall SK, Fashner J. Clinical inquiries. What vitamins and minerals should be given to breastfed and bottle-fed infants? J Fam Pract. 2005 Dec;54(12):1089-91. Review.  .

13999.  Gribble KD. Adoptive breastfeeding. Breastfeed Rev. 2005 Nov;13(3):6.  .

14000.  Gunasekera H. Designer infant formulas: making a killing. J R Soc Med. 2005 Dec;98(12):551-2. Review. 

14001.   Hall DM, Renfrew MJ.  Tongue tie. Arch Dis Child. 2005 Dec;90(12):1211-5. Review. 

14002.   Heath DL, Panaretto KS. Nutrition status of primary school children in Townsville. Aust J Rural Health. 2005 Oct;13(5):282-9.

14003.   Henry CJ, Lightowler HJ, Strik CM, Renton H, Hails S. Glycaemic index and glycaemic load values of commercially available products in the UK. Br J Nutr. 2005 Dec;94(6):922-30.

14004.   Hertzler AA. Nutrition trends during 150 years of children's cookbooks. Nutr Rev. 2005 Oct;63(10):347-51.

14005.   Hill PD, Aldag JC, Chatterton RT, Zinaman M. Psychological distress and milk volume in lactating mothers. West J Nurs Res. 2005 Oct;27(6):676-93; discussion 694-700.

14006.   Holmes W. Seeking rational policy settings for PMTCT. Lancet. 2005 Nov 26;366(9500):1835-6. 

14007.   Hong L, Levy SM, Warren JJ, Dawson DV, Bergus GR, Wefel JS. Association of amoxicillin use during early childhood with developmental tooth enamel defects. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005 Oct;159(10):943-8.

14008.   Kanjilal A, Prasad PL. Clinical assessment of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. Arch Dis Child. 2005 Nov;90(11):1202; author reply 1202. 

14009.   Kapur D, Sharma S, Agarwal KN. Dietary intake and growth pattern of children 9-36 months of age in an urban slum in Delhi . Indian Pediatrics. 2005 Apr; 42(4): 351-356 .

14010.   Kent G. Infant feeding in the context of HIV-positive mothers. Bull World Health Organ. 2005 Nov;83(11):878-9; author reply 879-80.   

14011.   Kibel MA, Molteno CD, De Decker R. Cot death controversies. S Afr Med J. 2005 Nov;95(11):853-7. 

14012.   Martin RM, Gunnell D, Owen CG, Smith GD. Breast-feeding and childhood cancer: A systematic review with metaanalysis. Int J Cancer. 2005 Dec 20;117(6):1020-31. Review.

14013.   McMahon MM, Hurley DL, Kamath PS, Mueller PS. Medical and ethical aspects of long-term enteral tube feeding. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005 Nov;80(11):1461-76. Review.

14014.   McNaughton SA, Bolton-Smith C, Mishra GD, Jugdaohsingh R, Powell JJ. Dietary silicon intake in post-menopausal women. Br J Nutr. 2005 Nov;94(5):813-7.

14015.   Mercadante S, Ferrera P, Girelli D, Casuccio A. Patients' and relatives' perceptions about intravenous and subcutaneous hydration. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2005 Oct;30(4):354-8.

14016.   Miller M, Zhan M, Havas S. High attributable risk of elevated C-reactive protein level to conventional coronary heart disease risk factors: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Oct 10;165(18):2063-8.

14017.   Mitka M. Experts: target heart disease from birth. JAMA. 2005 Nov 23;294(20):2558-63.  .

14018.   Mosley EE, Wright AL, McGuire MK, McGuire MA. trans Fatty acids in milk produced by women in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Dec;82(6):1292-7.

14019.   Nicol AA. Understanding peanut allergy: an overview of medical and lifestyle concerns. Adv Nurse Pract. 2005 Oct;13(10):63-8. Review. 

14020.   Parker R. Turner's syndrome and breastfeeding. Breastfeed Rev. 2005 Nov;13(3):23-5.  .

14021.   Paul Y. Study of drugs in Indian children. Indian Pediatr. 2005 Oct;42(10):1007; discussion 1007-8. 

14022.   Philip AG. The evolution of neonatology. Pediatr Res. 2005 Oct;58(4):799-815.  

14023.   Poindexter BB. Early amino acid administration for premature neonates. J Pediatr. 2005 Oct;147(4):420-1.

14024.   Riley MR, Bass NM, Rosenthal P, Merriman RB. Underdiagnosis of pediatric obesity and underscreening for fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome by pediatricians and pediatric subspecialists. J Pediatr. 2005 Dec;147(6):839-42.

14025.   Rodriguez G, Moreno LA, Blay MG, Blay VA, Fleta J, Sarria A, Bueno M; AVENA-Zaragoza Study Group. Body fat measurement in adolescents: comparison of skinfold thickness equations with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 Oct;59(10):1158-66.

14026.   Rousset S, Deiss V, Juillard E, Schlich P, Droit-Volet S. Emotions generated by meat and other food products in women. Br J Nutr. 2005 Oct;94(4):609-19.

14027.   Sabate J, Cordero-Macintyre Z, Siapco G, Torabian S, Haddad E. Does regular walnut consumption lead to weight gain? Br J Nutr. 2005 Nov;94(5):859-64.

14028.   Sachithananthan V, Chandrasekhar U. Nutritional status and prevalence of vitamin A deficiency among preschool children in urban slums of Chennai city . Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2005 Jun; 42( 6): 259-265.

14029.   Schack-Nielsen L, Molgaard C, Larsen D, Martyn C, Michaelsen KF. Arterial stiffness in 10-year-old children: current and early determinants. Br J Nutr. 2005 Dec;94(6):1004-11.

14030.   Schneider JM, Fujii ML, Lamp CL, Lonnerdal B, Dewey KG, Zidenberg-Cherr S. Anemia, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia in 12-36-mo-old children from low-income families. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Dec;82(6):1269-75.

14031.   Shaukat A, Freudenheim JL, Grant BJ, Muti P, Ochs-Balcom HM, McCann SE, Trevisan M, Iacoviello L, Schunemann HJ. Is being breastfed as an infant associated with adult pulmonary function? J Am Coll Nutr. 2005 Oct;24(5):327-33. 

14032.   Smith SL, Doig AK, Dudley WN. Impaired parasympathetic response to feeding in ventilated preterm babies. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2005 Nov;90(6):F505-8.  

14033.   Song Y, Manson JE, Cook NR, Albert CM, Buring JE, Liu S. Dietary magnesium intake and risk of cardiovascular disease among women. Am J Cardiol. 2005 Oct 15;96(8):1135-41.  

14034.   Stone SE, Morris TA. Pulmonary embolism during and after pregnancy. Crit Care Med. 2005 Oct;33(10 Suppl):S294-300. Review.

14035.   Stuebe AM, Rich-Edwards JW, Willett WC, Manson JE, Michels KB.  Duration of lactation and incidence of type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2005 Nov 23;294(20):2601-10.

14036.   Thorsdottir I. Supplement and stimulation for stunted children. Lancet. 2005 Nov 19;366(9499):1756-8. 

14037.   Wall CR, Grant CC, Taua N, Wilson C, Thompson JM. Milk versus medicine for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in hospitalised infants. Arch Dis Child. 2005 Oct;90(10):1033-8.  

14038.   Wang RY, Bates MN, Goldstein DA, Haynes SG, Hench KD, Lawrence RA, Paul IM, Qian Z.   Human milk research for answering questions about human health. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2005 Oct 22;68(20):1771-801. 

14039.  Washington R. One way to decrease an obesogenic environment. J Pediatr. 2005 Oct;147(4):417-8.  .

14040.  Wight NE. Donor milk: down but not out. Pediatrics. 2005 Dec;116(6):1610; author reply 1610-1. 

14041.   Zyriax BC, Boeing H, Windler E. Nutrition is a powerful independent risk factor for coronary heart disease in women--The CORA study: a population-based case-control study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 Oct;59(10):1201-7.

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